Ibm speech to text tutorial12/27/2023 In the 1980’s, AI was reignited by two sources: an expansion of the algorithmic toolkit, and a boost of funds. Hans Moravec, a doctoral student of McCarthy at the time, stated that “computers were still millions of times too weak to exhibit intelligence.” As patience dwindled so did the funding, and research came to a slow roll for ten years. In order to communicate, for example, one needs to know the meanings of many words and understand them in many combinations. The biggest was the lack of computational power to do anything substantial: computers simply couldn’t store enough information or process it fast enough. In 1970 Marvin Minsky told Life Magazine, “from three to eight years we will have a machine with the general intelligence of an average human being.” However, while the basic proof of principle was there, there was still a long way to go before the end goals of natural language processing, abstract thinking, and self-recognition could be achieved.īreaching the initial fog of AI revealed a mountain of obstacles. Optimism was high and expectations were even higher. The government was particularly interested in a machine that could transcribe and translate spoken language as well as high throughput data processing. These successes, as well as the advocacy of leading researchers (namely the attendees of the DSRPAI) convinced government agencies such as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to fund AI research at several institutions. Early demonstrations such as Newell and Simon’s General Problem Solver and Joseph Weizenbaum’s ELIZA showed promise toward the goals of problem solving and the interpretation of spoken language respectively. Machine learning algorithms also improved and people got better at knowing which algorithm to apply to their problem. Computers could store more information and became faster, cheaper, and more accessible. Roller Coaster of Success and Setbacksįrom 1957 to 1974, AI flourished. The significance of this event cannot be undermined as it catalyzed the next twenty years of AI research. Despite this, everyone whole-heartedly aligned with the sentiment that AI was achievable. Sadly, the conference fell short of McCarthy’s expectations people came and went as they pleased, and there was failure to agree on standard methods for the field. In this historic conference, McCarthy, imagining a great collaborative effort, brought together top researchers from various fields for an open ended discussion on artificial intelligence, the term which he coined at the very event. It’s considered by many to be the first artificial intelligence program and was presented at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence (DSRPAI) hosted by John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky in 1956. The Logic Theorist was a program designed to mimic the problem solving skills of a human and was funded by Research and Development (RAND) Corporation. The Conference that Started it Allįive years later, the proof of concept was initialized through Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert Simon’s, Logic Theorist. A proof of concept as well as advocacy from high profile people were needed to persuade funding sources that machine intelligence was worth pursuing. Only prestigious universities and big technology companies could afford to dillydally in these uncharted waters. In the early 1950s, the cost of leasing a computer ran up to $200,000 a month. Second, computing was extremely expensive. In other words, computers could be told what to do but couldn’t remember what they did. Before 1949 computers lacked a key prerequisite for intelligence: they couldn’t store commands, only execute them. What stopped Turing from getting to work right then and there? First, computers needed to fundamentally change. Turing suggested that humans use available information as well as reason in order to solve problems and make decisions, so why can’t machines do the same thing? This was the logical framework of his 1950 paper, Computing Machinery and Intelligence in which he discussed how to build intelligent machines and how to test their intelligence. One such person was Alan Turing, a young British polymath who explored the mathematical possibility of artificial intelligence. By the 1950s, we had a generation of scientists, mathematicians, and philosophers with the concept of artificial intelligence (or AI) culturally assimilated in their minds. It began with the “heartless” Tin man from the Wizard of Oz and continued with the humanoid robot that impersonated Maria in Metropolis. In the first half of the 20 th century, science fiction familiarized the world with the concept of artificially intelligent robots.
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